How Instructional Technology Has Evolved Into What Is...

To begin to understand how instructional technology has evolved into what is defined as 21st technology today. The first question to be answered is: What is technology? According M.D. Roblyer, author of Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, â€Å"technology can be anything from a pencil to a viral environment† (2016. P. 6) If we use this definition, we can go back to prehistoric time when man used chiseled stone to carve their thoughts onto a wall inside of a cave over 200,000 years ago. Fast forward to approximately 400BC, Plato. How does a philosopher fit it into technology? He is known for his â€Å"famous work, the Republic, which is regarded as his own philosophy, where the main character in effect speaks for Plato himself.†¦show more content†¦P. 270). By the 1970’s, instructional and system models, like the ADDIE, were created. When 1990 emerged, the internet opened a real world to education and the ability to share. IT created new ways of c ommunication that are still being developed today in technology through both instructional and educational technology. In education the terms instructions and technology and educational technology are intertwined and often taken for the other. Both have been defined by M.D. Roblyer. He refers to instructions technology as it â€Å"deals directly with teaching and learning application† (2015. P. 424). Educational technology was defined as â€Å"a combination of the process and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current digital and informational tools† (Roblyer, 2016. P. 423). In simpler terms, one is the application of knowledge and the other is the process of applying that information through technological tools. Instruction technology is different when it is used in various settings. From primary grade through college level and even in businesses, they all begin with the teaching and learning process. Fro m the early start of education in the 21st Century, that â€Å"societal changes and technological breakthroughs, it’s become abundantly clear that the human brainShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Expectations Regarding Public Education1685 Words   |  7 Pages Over the centuries, education has changed based on the demands of the citizens during a specific time. As Americans become more informed (educated), their opinions, ideas, and thinking change. America’s expectations concerning public education have evolved as well. The demands that are placed on states, districts, and leadership are becoming more intense; yet, our culture still believes that public education is faltering. Educating, empowering, and engaging students to be successfulRead MoreOne Of The Greatest Ah-Ha Moments Of This Class Was When1404 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the greatest ah-ha moments of this class was when I put into words the correlation between a dancer mentored by their coach and a student working beside an effective teacher. Teaching is a work of art; a dance that is carefully choreographed between teacher and student. Both dancers are aware of the dance they want to perform, yet in order to truly experience the depth and magnitude of the dance, they must break down the steps into perfectly timed moves. The dancers strive to execute theirRead MoreMy First Supervision Experience At Rural Retreat High School Essay2130 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"The principal must communicate a clear vision of instructional excellence, provide feedback to teacher through both the informal and formal processes of supervision and evaluation, and, finally ensure continuous professional development consistent with the goal of high student achievement for all students† (DiPaola and Hoy, 2014, p. 20). Supervision of teachers is a major responsibility for principals and it has a significant impact on school climate and student achievement. The supervisory processRead MoreCyber Security Attacks And Intrusion Detection System2014 Words   |  9 Pagesthe database increases. As technology increases in a rapid pace, so does the number of computer users. With this increase of users, the number of targets that presents itself for exploitation surges. Although, the types of targets and attacks change, classifications of attacks remain the same; exploiting user errors, hardware resources malfunction, and software weaknesses/glitches. Governm ent and corporate agency have developed analysis of a variety of cyber-attacks and how it affects certain environmentsRead MoreThe Invention Of Social Media1890 Words   |  8 PagesSocial media is the ultimate equalizer. It gives a voice and a platform to anyone willing to engage, that is a quote given from Amy Jo Martin to emphasize how important the invention of social media is. The invention of social media has changed the world in various ways. Just a decade ago; Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, YouTube, and Instagram were just a mere thought in peoples mind. Before social media, all there was on the internet was information. Entertainment was only limited to watching TVRead MoreMba-Semester 14434 Words   |  18 Pagesresponsibilities is known as a. Training b. Development c. Education d. 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The book continuesRead MoreFactors Contributing to Students Persistent Failure in English Language Examinations in Nigeria.5845 Words   |  24 PagesAbstract Education is now a global product with institutions worldwide competing for students and finding ever more creative ways to satisfy student needs and preferences. The optimism and belief in educational progress has gingered the new wake of marketing approaches that boarder on how to properly deal with the intricate issues of qualitative educational service, value as well as customer satisfaction. With the continuing rise in the preference for flexible distance learning, educational institutionsRead MoreComparative Education13537 Words   |  55 PagesFrance has a highly organized educational system, which is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary (college) education. Primary and secondary education is usually imparted at public schools although a strong network of private schools also exists. All educational programs in France are regulated by the Ministry of National Education. Schooling in France is mandatory as of age 6, the first year of primary school while secondary education consists of collà ¨ge for the first four years after primaryRead MoreProceedings Of The Second Conference On Human Capital Development9482 Words   |  38 Pagesof Management Sciences, University of Port Harcourt. Prof. A. Ahiauzu: Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State Prof Don Baridam Former Vice Chancellor University of Pot Harcourt Prof. Seth Accra Jaja: Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State Asso. Prof. Godwin I. Umoh: Department of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Port Harcourt.

Sonnet 73 By William Shakespeare - 1156 Words

The poem Sonnet 73 by William Shakespeare follows a typical Shakespearean sonnet structure; fourteen lines, three quatrains followed by a rhyming couplet, a basic ababcdcdefefgg rhyme scheme, and predominately following iambic pentameter with one additional unstressed syllable in the first line of each quatrain and the couplet. The sonnet as a whole is an extended metaphor for the aging and process and death; however, it is broken into three smaller metaphors all supporting the speaker’s impending end of life through the process of aging. Natural aspects- winter, twilight, and fire- are presented as an extended metaphor for the the thematic undertone of aging and death. Nature alone is emblematic of the process of aging throughout one’s life. Nature is always changing, just as humans are never the same in one second to the next. Humans are an outcome of natural processes. It is only right that the aging of the speaker be represented through natures own developmen ts. The two work simultaneously to present the journey of the speaker towards an acceptance of his death and loss love. It is through natural cycles he realizes the only condition to living is death. The metaphor begins in quatrain one with the symbolism of winter. The coloring of the â€Å"yellow leaves† falling from the tree clue the reader into the seasonal time period. The speaker directly compares himself to winter when he says â€Å"That time of year thou may’st in me behold†. He holds the seasonShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 73902 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeare â€Å"That time of year thou mayst in me behold† (Sonnet 73) The sonnet, originating in Italy, was formed by Francesco Petrarch. The Petrarchan sonnet, originally consisting of two quatrains and a couplet, was soon brought to England where William Shakespeare took an interest in this unknown form of poetry. Shakespeare revised the sonnet so it consisted of three quatrains with the rhyming scheme of â€Å"abab cdcd efef† and a rhyming couplet at the end. This revised sonnet was thenRead MoreThe Time Of Year By Shakespeare761 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeare used the word and the concept of death many times throughout his writing. The poem, â€Å"The Time of Year,† is one of the many sonnets that Shakespeare wrote. It is also known as â€Å"Sonnet 73†. â€Å"In Western literary traditions, sonnets have played an important role because of the works of authors such as Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) and William Shakespeare,† (Weagly, 2016). â€Å"The Time of Year† (Sonnet 73) by William Shakespeare, conveys the theme that the idea of losing someone couldRead More Shakespeares Sonnet #73 Essay787 Words   |  4 Pages Shakespeares Sonnet #73, published in 1609, is written in the Shakespearean or English sonnet style. It consists of three quatrains and one couplet at the end, written in iambic pentameters. Each quatrain has its own rhyme scheme, rhyming in alternating lines. The couplet summarizes the preceding twelve lines. Sonnet 73 appears to contain multiple parallels to death and the person speaking in the poem gives the impression that he is near death and reflecting back upon life. The first quatrain,Read More Essay on Metaphors for Death in Shakespeares Sonnet 73543 Words   |  3 PagesMetaphors for Death in Shakespeares Sonnet 73 William Shakespeares Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou Mayest in Me Behold is a sonnet that examines the fears and anxieties that surround growing old and dying -- a topic that resonates within us all. Shakespeares use of metaphor to illustrate decay and passing are striking, and sets a somber tone throughout. He uses the season of Fall, the coming of night, and the burning out of a flame as metaphors for old age and death, and then uses theRead More Metaphorically Speaking – Sonnet 73 Essays857 Words   |  4 PagesMetaphorically Speaking – Sonnet 73  Ã‚      Love is a blanket of bright and colorful flowers that covers a beautifully rolling meadow on a breezy summer day. Similar metaphorical images appear in many famous poems including Shakespeares Sonnet 73. The metaphor is the most basic device poets use to convey meanings beyond literal speech (Guth 473). Shakespeares use of metaphors in this sonnet conveys his theme of the inescapable aging process. Shakespeare establishes and extends a metaphorRead More Essay on Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73799 Words   |  4 PagesInterpretation of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 nbsp; Sonnet 73 is a meditation on mortality, and yet it can be interpreted in a number of ways. The first such interpretation is that the author of the poem is speaking to someone else about his own death that will inevitably come in the future. This interpretation has the poem focused on the author, and his focus and concern over himself. This makes him seem very selfish, because we are all going to die sooner or later, and it does not do any goodRead More An Analysis of Shakespeares Sonnet 73 Essay example1241 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Shakespeares Sonnet 73      Ã‚   Sonnet 73 by William Shakespeare is widely read and studied. But what is Shakespeare   trying to say? Though it seems there will not be a simple answer, for a better understanding of Shakespeares Sonnet 73, this essay offers an explication of the sonnet from The Norton Anthology of English Literature:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That time of year thou mayst in me behold   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   UponRead MoreThe Foundation Of Image : William Shakespeare1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Foundation of Image William Shakespeare is one of the most known writers not only of his time period, but to this day. He is known for the 37 plays he wrote and his 154 sonnets which are often recreated and studied today. Reading can seem very monotonous and boring if you’re not impacted by the text. A writer has to lay a foundation to pull their reader in and paint an imaginative picture in their reader’s head in order to bring a story to life. William Shakespeare was nowhere shy of doing theseRead MoreExplication Of Sonnet 731713 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare was a very well known writer in the British literary community and his pieces are still read and enjoyed today. Shakespeare is also known to have written a collection of poems which are sonnets. This essay will consist of a close reading to William Shakespeare’s sonnet 73 which deals with the theme of life, death and aging. The sonnet constructs a complex idea that the themes of life and death can be connected tog ether. The poem contains three quatrains and one couplet. TheRead MoreSonnet 73 Metaphors1165 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 73,† the speaker claims that through recognizing life’s brevity, love can be made stronger, and more permanent, by learning to appreciate the limited time each person has left. Shakespeare establishes this argument by developing three metaphors comparing a succinct amount of time to life. The first metaphor compares the seasons of a year to stages of life. The second quatrain contains the next metaphor comparing the sun’s journey across the sky to the speaker’s lifetime

Changes in the Earths Environment Essay Example For Students

Changes in the Earths Environment Essay Changes in the Earths EnvironmentThe 20th century, especially in the second half, has been one of rapidchange in the Earths environment. The impact of humans on the physical form andfunctioning of the Earth have reached levels that are global in character, andhave done so at an increasingly mounting speed. 20 years ago the environment wasseen as posing a threat to the future of humanity as death rates from naturalhazards had increased dramatically since the turn of the century. The Earththough has always been plagued by natural disasters. Now, with the worldpopulation growing at a rapid rate more people are living in hazard prone areas. Events which may have gone unnoticed previously, only become hazards when thereis intervention with humans and their lifestyle. With the discovery of the ozonehole in the 1980s attention was now more focused on the threat humans wereposing to the environment. With scientific evidence to back up pessimisticpredictions of our future, most people, through media coverage, politicalpressures and general concern now see the environment as being truly threatenedby human progress and in desperate need of help. Natural hazards have been defined as extreme geophysical events greatlyexceeding normal human expectations in terms of their magnitude or frequency andcausing significant damage to man and his works with possible loss of life. (Heathcote,1979,p.3.). A natural hazard occurs when there is an interactionbetween a system of human resource management and extreme or rare naturalphenomena (Chapman,1994). As McCall, Laming and Scott (1991) argue, strictlyspeaking there is no hazard unless humans are affected in some way. Yet the linebetween natural and human-made hazards is a finely drawn one and usuallyoverlapping. Doornkamp ( cited in McCall et al, 1992) argues that many hazardsare human induced or at least made worse by the intervention of humans. In the 1970s, natural hazards were an important subject of topical study,as the nature of their impact on human populations and what they valued wasincreasing in frequency at quite a rapid rate (Burton, Kates, White, 1978). During the 75 years after 1900 the population of the earth increased by astaggering 2.25 billion people. People who needed land on which to live and work. As the population rose people were dispersed in more places and in largernumbers than before. The predominant movement of people being from farm to townor city (Burton et al,1978.). It is this growing world population, Burton et al(1978) suggest, that is the main reason behind why hazards are increasing andwere seen to pose such a threat to humankind in the 70s. While the averagenumber of disasters remained relatively constant at about 30 per year, deathrates climbed significantly. As the growing world population requires the cultivation of land more proneto hazards, more people and property are thus exposed to the risk of disasterthan ever before, and as Stow (1992) argues, the death toll inevitably rises. Anexample that shows the concern that humans faced from the environment can beexemplified by the Bangladesh cyclone of 1970, which killed approximately250,000 people. Although part of the reason for so many deaths can be put downto a then poorly understood process, land-use can also be implicated. Because ofa rising population, land in Bangladesh was reclaimed by the government and heldagainst the sea. People in large numbers were then encouraged to occupy the area. An area which turned out to be one of great risk. Major disruption wasinevitable Burton et al (1978) argue whenever population was in the path of suchforces. Had reasonable measures been taken in advance of the storm, the materialdamage, loss of life and social dislocation could have been seriously reduced. .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .postImageUrl , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:hover , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:visited , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:active { border:0!important; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:active , .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0 .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf11b82740eaee1cc178ff09b785fdba0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Are Standardization from Enterprise Architecture EssayIn the 1990s we live in an information age. Today we have remarkablemonitoring and predictive capabilities for natural hazards. The use of advancedtelecommunications and emergency management, together with the exploitation ofgeographic information systems in hazard mitigation has greatly reduced theextent to which natural hazards are seen as a threat to people in the 90s(Chapman et al, 1994). Loss of life and property from natural disasterscontinue to rise though as the population of the world rises and puts moredemands on the environment for land resources. White (1974) argues thatenvironmental risk may be considered t o be primarily a function of the valuesystems of a society. How dangerous a natural hazard is, is

Research on the Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Company Performance free essay sample

An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Data FAN Libo YUAN Xin WANG Su School of Business, University of International Business and Economics, P. R. China, 100029 Abstract: It is well known that knowledge economy is mainly based on intellectual capital. Intellectual capital plays a key role in enterprise’s value promotion. In fact, the good intellectual capital control system can bring the positive influence to the enterprise achievements. It is important to make empirical research on the relationship between intellectual capital and company performance to create value and enhance the enterprise achievements. In the paper, we take the relation analysis between intellectual capital and enterprise performance as the main topic of our research. Based on the overseas and domestic scholars’ research, the paper selected companies listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges in intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing industry, information technology industry as well as banking and insurance industry as research samples in the period of 2007 to 2009, using Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) as the evaluation system. The paper constructed three empirical research model based on economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. We hope to know the status of intellectual capital development in China especially in three industries and try to find out the relationship between intellectual capital and company performance. Finally, based on the empirical study results, we try to provide constructive suggestions for intellectual capital development. And also the paper pointed out the limitations of the research and provided some help for the follow-up study. Keywords: Intellectual Capital, Company Performance, Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) 1 Introduction and Literature Review In the knowledge economy, intellectual capital not only has become the driving force and an important source of value creation and sustainable development of enterprises, but also innovation and the key to profit growth. Over the past decade Chinas economy maintained a sustained rapid growth, how much did the intellectual capital, which is the core of value creation, contributed to the economic development of our country? Is the development of Chinas listed companies mainly dependent on intellectual capital or physical capital? Face of the transformation of the global economy and the domestic market economy, has the driving force of value creation Chinas enterprises transferred from physical capital to intellectual capital is an hot issue of business and theorists at present. We selected three industries (manufacturing, information technology, industry and finance and insurance) to explore the relationship between Intellectual capital and company performance of our country, with the hope of providing something useful theoretically and practically for the rational allocation of economic resources and the effective development and use of intellectual capital in the period of transition economies. Research on intellectual capital home and abroad mainly focused on three areas: the concept of intellectual capital, the composition and measurement of intellectual capital, and the relationship between intellectual capital and business development. The concept of intellectual capital was first put forward by the Senior in 1836, but was only used as a synonym for human capital. American scholar Calbraith (1969) considered that intellectual capital is not only a static capital with the form of pure knowledge, but also a dynamic process of effective use of knowledge, and this process is related to the achievement of organizational goals. His research extended the concept of intellectual capital from individual level to organizational level. Brooking (1996) attributed intellectual capital to all the general term for intangible assets which can enable the enterprises to operate , he believed that business = tangible assets + intellectual capital. Based on the theory of knowledge, Alexander (2004), Roland (2007) defined intellectual capital as the sum of knowledge resources which transformed from organizational knowledge and can enable the enterprises to realize its market value and enhance its existing assets. Many domestic scholars also made some research on the concept of intellectual capital, such as Tan Jinsong (2001) who defined intellectual capital as a form of human capital which can realize research and innovation and can make directorial allocation of corporation resources. Yuan Qinghong (2001), Wang Yong (2002), Zhang Xiaohong (2007) etc defined the concept of intellectual capital from the knowledge perspective, as well as Yan Huahai (2004) from the perspective of the characteristics of intellectual capital. The composition of intellectual capital is not only the main framework of understanding of the content of intellectual capital, but also an important basis of intellectual capital measurement tools. As a result, there are relatively large differences among domestic and foreign scholars in the field of the composition and measurement of intellectual capital. Currently there are dualism, ternary and pluralism theory. Dualists to Edvinsson and Malone (1997) are the representatives of the dualism theory, they hold the view that intellectual capital is the coupling of human capital and structural capital; Stewart (1994), Mohan (2005), Swart (2006) are the representative of ternary theory, they think that intellectual capital is composed of human capital, structural capital and customer capital and put forward the H-S-C structure; pluralists believe that intellectual capital is equivalent to intangible assets, they explain intellectual capital through the expansion and spread of the concept of intangible assets. Such as Brooking put that intellectual capital should be divided into four parts: market capital, intellectual property capital, human capital and infrastructure capital; based on the essence of the concept of Balanced Scorecard , Bassi (1999) divided intellectual capital into human capital, structural capital, innovation capital , process capital and customer capital. In essence, both the ternary theory and the pluralism theory have developed on the basis of the dualism. In the empirical researches of relationship between intellectual capital and company performance later, scholars also choose make different choices from the methods of classification of intellectual capital. In the empirical researches of intellectual capital and company development, most domestic and international researches focused on the relationship between intellectual capital and company performance. Based on the ternary theory of intellectual capital, Nick Bontis (1998,2000) made an exploratory research on the measurement and the impact of intellectual capital on company performance. He took a questionnaire survey in companies in Canada and Malaysia and used factor analysis and least squares analysis to do his research. He got the result that the three components of intellectual capital (human capital, structural capital and customer capital) are mutually influenced, and that intellectual capital has significant positive effect on corporate performance. Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui used 81 companies of the 100 greatest cross-border manufacturing and service companies of the United States as his sample and used least squares analysis to study the relationship between intellectual capital and return on total assets based on value-added method. Finally he found that intellectual capital had played a positive and significant role in the performance of multinational companies of the United States. Marvidis (2004,2005) selected banks in Japan and Greece as the objects of his study, and found that intellectual capital and physical capital both had significantly positive effect on value adding, and that the impact of intellectual capital is greater than the impact of physical capital. Using the data of companies of South Africa, Steven Firer conducted a research on the relationship between company performance( profitability, productivity, market assessment) and the three components of VAIC(Value Added Intellectual Coefficient):VAHU(Value Added Human Capital Coefficient)? STVA(Value Added Structural Capital Coefficient)and VACA(Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient), he found that human capital had a significant positive impact on production capacity, structure capital only had a modest positive impact on profitability, however, South African market still focused on the return to physical capital. Based on different intellectual capital structure theory, domestic scholars chose different industries to make empirical research. Chen Jin (2004) divide intellectual capital into human capital, structural capital, innovation capital and customer capital and put forward a system of qualitative indicators of the measurement of intellectual capital. Besides, he did a questionnaire survey in the high-tech enterprises of Zhejiang Province, and found that both intellectual capital and its four components have significantly positive impact on company performance. More domestic scholars chose the dualism theory of the classification of intellectual capital; they selected different dependent variables and studied different industries. Such as Li Jiaming (2004) selected 30 listed companies of the computer industry, Bai Ming (2005) selected listed companies of telecommunications and computer industry, chemical industry and textile industry, Wan Xi (2006) used 41 of he best-operating listed companies in China as his sample, Yu Haizong and Deng Qian (2007) selected high-tech industry and textile industry, Liu Chao, et al(2008) selected listed companies of the information technology industry, Wang Xinli (2008) selected listed companies of information technology industry and textile industry, Tian Jing (2009) selected manufacturing and information technology industry , Lu Xin, et al (2009) selected listed companies of manufacturing industry, information technology industry and real estate industries as samples to make empirical research on the impact of physical capital, human capital and structural capital on company performance. Most scholars believed that there were a significantly positive correlation between intellectual capital and corporate performance, and that intellectual capital was a source of corporate profits, while physical capital was still the most important resource of business performance. In addition, there are scholars who do their research from different perspectives, such as Yuan Yijun (2006) focused on the value creation potential of intellectual capital. Taiwan scholars Tsai and Hua(2006) focused on the relationship between stock value and intellectual capital, Fu Chuanrui (2008) studied the relationship between intellectual capital and stock price, Zou Yan (2009) did an empirical research on the relationship between intellectual capital and innovation capacity of the company, There are many unique aspects of the studies of domestic and foreign scholars on intellectual capital, but in general their studies are still inadequate in two aspects: Firstly, the problem lies in the design of corporate performance indicators. Although some scholars have selected a wide range of indicators, such as Steven Firer and S. Mitchell Williams (2003) chose profitability, productivity and market value as indicators of corporate performance, Taiwan scholar Shiu (2006) chose the net rate of total assets, total assets, gross margin and market valuation ratios as three corporate performance indicators, however, most scholars have selected one single performance indicator, hence they can get a comprehensive examination of the performance of enterprises; Secondly, most scholars chose to use cross-sectional data, ignoring the rapid variability feature of Chinese market, which may lead to empirical error of the conclusion. Because of these two weaknesses, this paper chose to use diversified business performance indicators, and the panel data of listed companies of 3 different industries as study sample to do empirical research. 2 Hypotheses and Design of the Research 2. 1 Hypothesis of the Research Daniel Zeghal and Anis Maalou (2010) put that company performance includes economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. The logic is that if companies have good economic returns, it will be shown in financial result and profitability, thus causing companies to perform well in the stock market. Therefore, there are intrinsic links among economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. In this context, we choose economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance to measure company performance We approve that intellectual capital is the coupling of human capital and structural capital. Human capital includes basic and professional knowledge of the staff, their experience, problem-solving skills, and the ability to update and share their knowledge. Human capital is the core element of intellectual capital, employees who master the knowledge and skills well are an important source of competitive advantage of the company that is an ultimate deciding factor of company performance. In addition, the intellectual capital alone can not create value; it must be combined with physical capital. Based on these facts, the assumptions are as follows: H1: there is a positive correlation between human capital and company performance H1a: there is a positive correlation between human capital and economic performance H1b: there is a positive correlation between human capital and financial performance H1c: there is a positive correlation between human capital and stock market performance Structural capital includes organizational capital and relational capital, which includes management skills, information and networking systems, business process, corporate reputation and brand, customer relationship and so on. Value of human capital can not be achieved without the help of structure capital. Structure Capital enables companies to run in a high-quality and orderly way, it can provide a stage for the staff to achieve their accomplishment. Based on these facts, the assumptions are as follows: H2: there is a positive correlation between structural capital and company performance H2a: here is a positive correlation between structural capital economic performance H2b: there is a positive correlation between structural capita and financial performance H2c: there is a positive correlation between structural capita and stock market performance Physical capital is the basic resource for companies to survive and develop. However, with the development of our economy, the effect of intellectual capital is more and more obvious. Intellectual capital is more precious than physical capital, it can not be imitated, can not be replaced and it can enable companies to maintain competitive advantage. As a resul t, intellectual capital is the most important capital for companies. Based on these facts, the assumptions are as follows: H3: there is a positive correlation between physical capital and company performance H3a: there is a positive correlation between physical and economic performance H3b: there is a positive correlation between physical and financial performance H3c: there is a positive correlation between physical and stock market performance 2. 2 Research Design 2. 2. 1 Independent Variable Value-added intellectual capital coefficient (VAIC), which was put forward by Ante Pulic, is a popular method to evaluate intellectual capital. It has advantages such as it is simple; the data required is easy and credible. According to VAIC method, company performance depends on the ability to use financial capital and intellectual capital. We choose VAIC method to measure intellectual capital, which has three independent variables: VAHU (Value Added Human Capital Coefficient), STVA (Value Added Structural Capital Coefficient), VACA (Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient). Finally, VAIC (Value Added Intellectual Coefficient) is the sum of the three variables; the calculation method is as follows: VAHU= Value added(VA)/ Human Capital(HC) STVA= Structural capital(SC-VA)/ Value added(VA) VACA= Value added(VA)/ capital available(CA) VAIC=VAHU+STVA+VACA 2. 2. 2 Dependent Variable According to Daniel Zeghal and Anis Maalou (2010), corporate performance is a system including economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. We select Operating Margin (OM), Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) and Price-to-Book Ratio (P / B) ,respectively ,to measure economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. 2. 2. 3 Control Variable As the capital structure can affect the cost and value of the corporation, it may lead to great difference in company performance; Second, different size of enterprises may cause different competitive environment and market position, thus the ability to get profit is not the same; In addition, the different efficiency of different enterprises will affect competitiveness, resulting in different company performance; Finally, different companies are at different stages of life cycle, that will have great impact on company performance. Therefore, we choose Asset-Liability Ratio (Lev), Firm Size (Size), Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TAT) and Growth Ability (GR) as our control variables. For Firm Size (Size) we take the natural logarithm of total assets, and Growth Ability (GR) is measured by revenue growth ratio. Economic meaning and computing method of all variables are shown in table 1. 2. 2. 4 Sample Selecting and Data Filtering Different industries have different resource; this paper selected three industries that have distinctive characteristics to conduct research. They are manufacturing industry- a traditional industry, information technology industry high-tech industry and finance 7 insurance industries new service industry. In this way,we can explore the difference of the driving power of intellectual capital of different industries. Manufacturing industry is traditional, its production technology is mature and market is stable, it demands for a large number of employees, its demand-income elasticity and degree of risk are low. Information technology industry is a knowledge-intensive industry, its competition is fierce, and it demands for employees who have relatively higher quality . Financial insurance industry is a highly knowledge-intensive industries, its technological innovation is fast, product life cycle is short, and market is volatile. Its demand-income elasticity and degree of risk are high. Table 1 Variable Definition Name of Variables |Economic implications |Calculation |Types of | | | | |Variables | |OM |Operating Margin |Operating Profit / Operating Income |dependent | | | | |variable | |ROE |Weighted Average Return on Equity |data from the annual reports of listed companies |dependent | | | | |variable | |P/B |Price-to-Book Ratio |yearly tradable market value / book value of net |dependent | | | |assets |variable | |VAHU |Value Added Human Capital |value added / human capital |independent | | |Coefficient | |variable | |STVA |Value Added Structural Capital |structural capital / value added |independent | | |Coefficient | |variable | |VACA |Value Added Capital Employed |value added / book value of net assets |independent | | |Coefficient | |variable | |Lev |asset-liability ratio |Liabilities / Total Assets |control | | | | |variable | |Size |Firm Size |Ln(total assets) |control | | | | |variable | |TAT |Total Asset Turnover |net operating income / average total assets*100% |control | | | | |variable | |GR |Revenue Growth Ratio |revenue growth of the year/ total operating |control | | | |income of last year *100% |variable | We select 1084 enterprises which are listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchange market during the period of 2007-2009 as our sample. [1] There are 957 enterprises from manufacturing industry, 95 enterprises from information technology industry and 32 enterprises from finance insurance industry. Considering missing value and abnormal value may have bad affect on statistical results,we reject the companies which have missing data or have got special treatment during 2007-2009. Besides, we reject the companies whose human capital, structural capital and the book value of equity is negative. In addition, some manufacturing companies are traditional labor-intensive enterprise, whose value creating process relies less on knowledge. It makes no sense to include these companies in our research, thus we reject these labor-intensive industry: food beverage industry, textile fur industry, wood furniture industry, paper printing industry, petrochemical industry, plastics industry, metal nonmetal industry. After screening, the final sample has a total number of 856, including 267 in manufacturing industry, 38 in information technology industry, 20 in finance insurance industry. 2. 2. 5 Empirical Research Model For the purpose of our research, we tend to carry out empirical research based on these three models OM= ? 0 + ? 1VAHU+ ? 2 STVA + ? 3 VACA + ? 4 Lev +? 5Size+? 6TAT+? 7GR+ Â µ(model 1) ROE=? 0 + ? 1VAHU+ ? 2 STVA + ? 3 VACA + ? 4 Lev +? 5Size+? 6TAT+? 7GR+ Â µ(model 2) P/B= ? 0 + ? 1VAHU+ ? 2 STVA + ? 3 VACA + ? Lev +? 5Size+? 6TAT+? 7GR+ Â µ(model 3) 3 Empirical Analyses 3. 1 Descriptive statistical analysis Based on the 2007-2009 panel data of three industries, we use STATA software to make a descri ptive statistical analysis of the variables; Results are shown in Table 2 Table 2 Descriptive Statistical Analysis of The Variables(Mean Value Analysis) |variables |manufacturing industry |information technology industry |finance insurance industry | |VAHU |3. 092875 |2. 2524454 |4. 0719365 | |STVA |0. 55692 |0. 862719 |0. 7286728 | |VAIN |3. 649795 |2. 7387173 |4. 8006093 | |VACA |0. 361888 |0. 2966731 |0. 3201595 | |VAIC |4. 011683 |3. 0353904 |5. 1207688 | |Lev |0. 447497 |0. 3786801 |0. 7816546 | |Size |21. 45758 |21. 419555 |25. 19223 | |TAT |0. 823411 |0. 8916649 |0. 1210483 | |GR |16. 68593 |19. 418836 |59. 894295 | |OM |0. 105386 |0. 1150212 |0. 4837577 | |ROE |0. 127199 |0. 1217382 |0. 2393567 | |P/B |2. 156659 |2. 1009317 |2. 8511109 | As is shown in the table, the mean value of VAIC of the manufacturing industry is 4. 011683, which indicates that each Yuan we put in our manufacturing industry will produce a value of 4. 011683 Yuan; and the mean value of VAIC of the information technology industry and the finance insurance industry are 3. 0353904 and 5. 1207688. Clearly, VAIC of the finance insurance industry gt; VAIC of the manufacturing industry gt;VAIC of the information technology industry, This result is contradict to our general sense that the efficiency of intellectual capital of the information technology industry should be higher than its efficiency of the manufacturing industry. To some extent, it points out that our business still depends more on the finance insurance industry and the manufacturing industry to create value. From the perspective of the structure of Value-added intellectual coefficient system, no matter it is the manufacturing industry, the information technology industry or the finance insurance industry, they all share one characteristic: the mean value of VAHU gt; the mean value of STVA gt; the mean value of VACA, that indicates that these three typical industries all rely more on human capital, followed by the structural capital, more on physical capital to create value. This shows the development level of intellectual capital is still in its infancy. In addition, of the three industry, the mean value of VAIN gt; the mean value of VACA , it indicates that even in traditional industries, such as the manufacturing industry, companies have begun to rely more on intellectual capital to create value, rather than relying solely on material and financial capital to create value. This conclusion is consistent to the study results of Zeghal (2000),Firer and Williams (2003). 3. 2 Correlation Analysis We use Pearson Correlation Analysis Method to test the correlation of the variables of the three industries. Table 3 reflects that in Chinas manufacturing enterprises, Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU) and Operating Margin (OM) and Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) are significantly positive correlated, but the positive correlation between VAHU and Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not significant. Table 3 Correlation Analysis variable |manufacturing industry |information technology industry |finance insurance industry | | | | | | | | |R? |? 0 |VAHU | |H1a |supported |supported |rejected | |H2a |supported |undetermined |supported | |H3a |undetermined undetermined |undetermined | |H1b |supported |supported |supported | |H2b |supported |supported |undetermined | |H3b |supported |undetermined |rejected | |H1c |undetermined |undetermined |undetermined | |H2c |supported |undetermined |supported | |H3c |undetermined |undetermined |undetermined | Note: M represents manufacturing industry, IT represents information technology industry, FI represents finance insurance industry. For the intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing enterprises of our country, the final results of empirical analysis show that Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU)has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM) and Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious; Structural Capital Coefficient (STVA) has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM), Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), and Price-to-Book Ratio (P / B); Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient (VACA) has positive on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Operating Margin (OM) and Price-to-Book Ratio (P / B) is not obvious. This indicates that although currently the organizational structure and relational capital of Chinas intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing enterprises is relatively stable, they still have not reached the best state. The investment companies put in structural aspect such as production process design control and organizational management, as well as the investment companies put in relational aspect such as market and customer management all have great contribution on company performance. The investment companies put in human capital contribute significantly to the economic and financial performance of the company; however, it can not be reflected in the stock market. The reason may lies in that stock market investors believe human capital does not have obvious impact on the market value and development potential of the companies because of the relatively stable organizational structure and management system, as well as relatively high turnover rate of high-quality employees and low turnover rate of low-quality employees. The investment companies put in physical capital can be reflected in the financial performance, while it has little contribution to the economic and stock market performance. The possible reason may be that China’s manufacturing industry has already entered the mature stage, thus the investment companies put solely on physical capital has already entered the diminishing stage of margin utility and its impact on the upgrading of company performance is limited. For information technology enterprises of our country, the final results of empirical analysis show that Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU)has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM), however, its impact on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) and Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious; Structural Capital Coefficient (STVA) has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM) and Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious; Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient (VACA) has little impact on Operating Margin (OM), Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) or Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious. Clearly, the results of information technology industry are not as ideal as we originally anticipated. On one hand this may be due the growth and development time of Chinas information technology industry is still limited, the organizational structure and management system is still not perfect; on the other hand, the stage of Chinas information technology industry and its innovation ability are in urgent need to be improved. The potential contribution human capital can have on company performance has not been prominent; the overall efficiency of intellectual capital still has large room for improvement. The reason why the investment companies put in physical capital has little impact on company performance may lies in that information technology industry is a knowledge-intensive industry, companies should pay more attention to the creativity of employees and the quality of information, and to ensure full and timely supply of information and services is extremely critical. Comparatively speaking, investment on materials is not that important. For finance insurance enterprises of our country, the final results of empirical analysis show that Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU)has positive impact on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious, and the final results reject he assumption that VAHU has positive impact on Operating Margin(OM); Structural Capital Coefficient (STVA) has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM), however, its impact on Operating Margin(OM) is not obvious, and the final results reject he assumption that STVA has positive impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B); Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient (VACA) has positive impact on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Operating Margin(OM) and Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious. Clearly, the results of finance insurance industry are not as ideal as we originally anticipated. The efficiency of human capital of finance insurance companies of China can be reflected through financial performance, but can not be reflected through economic or stock market performance; the efficiency of structural capital can be reflected through economic performance, but can not be reflected through financial or stock market performance. This may be due to finance insurance industry has higher requirement for its employees comparing to other industries, the corresponding higher salary leads to higher labor cost. Besides, our finance insurance market is still immature, its market customer development, organizational structure, management system and working process design are still in an exploration stage, resulting in that the investment companies put in intellectual capital haven’t had obvious contribution to the enhancement of company performance. In addition, finance insurance industry is a highly intellectual capital-intensive service industry, comparatively speaking, the investment in physical capital is not as important as in intellectual capital for the companies. Finally, no matter in which industry, neither the investment companies put in intellectual capital nor physical capital has obvious impact on stock market performance, which may be due to that stock market investors don’t concern much about the efficiency of capital of the companies when they buy stocks. Two reasons may explain this phenomenon. Firstly, the investment companies put in intellectual capital is still on a low level, stock market investors it might be because of our intellectual capital in business investment is still in the lower level, investors are not willing to pay more for the low efficiency of intellectual capital. Secondly, the investment behavior of China’s stock market is still not rational; investors pay little attention on the value and potential of the companies. Correspondingly, because the stock market does not care enough about intellectual capital, companies may easily lose their enthusiasm and passion about continually invest in it. In addition, there are numerous factors that may affect the stock market, not only the operating situation of the companies, but also the psychological expectations of investors, Asymmetric and incomplete Information, floating capital and so on. 5 Summary and Limitation of the Research From our research based on the panel data of intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing industry, information technology industry and finance insurance industry ,we can learn that there exists difference in the efficiency of intellectual capital to create efficiency among different industries. Comparatively, the efficiency of intellectual capital of finance insurance industry is the highest, while because that information technology industry is still at an immature stage, the efficiency of intellectual capital is not quite clear. Besides, the driving force of capital to create value lies in human capital and structural capital, while the effect of physical capital is relatively low, In the future, companies should pay attention to the structure of the driving force to create value in order to improve the efficiency of capital. For manufacturing industry, along with maintaining the existing efficiency of human capital, companies should pay attention to the improvement of organizational structure and management system to enhance the efficiency of structural capital. Through these efforts can the companies maintain the driving force to create value inside the organizations and avoid the risk of losing high-quality employees. For Information technology industry, there is still large room for the development of intellectual capital; companies should spare no effort to enhance the efficiency pf human capital and structural capital in order to become truly technology-intensive enterprises. For finance insurance industry, along with maintaining the relatively high level of efficiency of intellectual capital, companies should strengthen the impact intellectual capital and physical capital had on company performance and hence promote the development of the industry, Because we use the VAIC method to measure intellectual capital, we can not avoid the limitation of this method. In the future, we hope that more effective ways to measure intellectual capital can be found. In this paper we divide company performance into economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance in order to examine company performance comprehensively, However, as there are natural links among these indicators, in the future we hope through factor analysis, one single comprehensive indicator can be extracted to reflect company performance. In addition, we take the dualism theory of intellectual capital and test the relationship between company performance and intellectual capital. However, human capital can not create value on its own, to some extent; it needs to rely on structural capital to contribute to company performance. The question that whether there is mutual promotion relationship between these two kinds of capital still need further study to answer?

Brutus the honorable man Essay Example

Brutus the honorable man Paper There are many people who, for the sake of their country, would betray a friend. This makes Brutus honorable to his country but not to his friend. Depending on what he thought was for the greater good, Caesar becoming the sole leader, or the devotion that he has for his country; he honored what he thought was best for Rome. Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more (3. 2. 23-24). Brutus had honored Caesar but Brutus felt that Caesar was too ambitious. Brutus also felt that Caesar made the romans as slaves, and feared for the Republic. Therefore, Brutus oins the conspiracy because he had the desire to help the plebeians. Through Cassius various endeavors to get Brutus to become one of the conspirators, and the influence of others, Brutus ended up sacrificing a friend for the greater good of Rome. Believe me for mine honor, and have respect to mine honor that you may believe (3. 2. 14-15). What Brutus is saying at this point in time is that the public crowd should listen to him because he is an honorable and trustworthy person. This goes along with what is known about Brutus because he is the type of person who elieves strongly in honor, morals, and being true to Rome since he is, after all, a Roman. We will write a custom essay sample on Brutus the honorable man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Brutus the honorable man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Brutus the honorable man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Brutus shows true honor and love for the people of Rome. Am I entreated to Speak and Strike? Of Rome I make thee promise, if the redress will follow, then receivest thy full petition at the hand of Brutus (2. 1. 59-61). Even though it may have seemed a bit unclear, as Brutus stabbed Caesar, he had a lot of compassion for him. He didnt make a mess of the body, and he as well as the other conspirators helped to clean up his body and around him to make sure that there was no mess made to espect Julius Caesar. Brutus selflessness made him the leader Rome needed. A man who does everything for the wellbeing of the Roman citizens. No, not an oath. If not the face of men, the sufferance of our souls, the times abuse if these be motives weak, break off betimes, and every man hence to his idle bed. So let high- sighted tyranny range on till each man drop by lottery. (2. 1. 119-124) Brutus tells the conspirators that there is no need for an oath because they Join for the same and common cause , and thats why they do not need the oath. He believes so intensely in what he desires to accomplish that he does not fear for oath breakers; that is if they all serve the Roman people and are being smug in their act. What Brutus considers smug he also considers honorable, even if it means betraying a friend for the better of a country. This is why Brutus considered his act of disloyalty honorable. Brutus intentions were very clear; he loved Rome and its people Just as much as he loved Caesar. Brutus wonders how the best power of Rome can be accomplished, and esorts to assassination since it is the only method of removing Caesar, who will not be moved from his oppressive and fake government. One of the reasons that Brutus is a tragic hero is that he is very hesitant about killing Caesar. He has to think hard about what will be the best for Rome. He is the only conspirator who actually kills Caesar because he thinks it will help Roman citizens, not because he is envious of Caesar. For example in Scene 2 Act 1 Brutus tells Lucius, Between the acting of a dreadful thing and the first motion, all the interim is like a phantasma or a hideous ream He is saying that talking about doing such a dreadful thing is like some horrible dream that seems almost unreal. Brutus is the only conspirator who honestly wants whats good for Rome. Another reason that Brutus is the tragic hero is because he never deceives anyone throughout the whole play. When Brutus tells the conspirators, Fly not; stand stiff: ambitions debt is paid, it really shows how he felt he knew that Caesar had to die to help Rome and the senators shouldnt be worried because they did the right thing. He didnt Just kill him because he was Jealous like many of the other senators. Brutus, a servant and close friend to Caesar, has a strong relationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. Brutus is very close to Caesar. In Roman times, the only way for someone to get close to a person of high rank is if they are close to them. In many points of the play, Brutus was talking with Caesar and he seemed to always be next to Caesar. Brutus loves Caesar, but would not allow him to climber- upward He then unto the ladder turns his back (2. . 24-26). Brutus would not allow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back onto the people of Rome. Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was pretty much the back-bone of the whole plan. According to Cassius, Brutus main purpose in the conspiracy is for an insurance policy. The people will think, since Brutus was very noble to Caesar, that there must be a good reason for Caesars assassination. Cassius is the one who declares this, Brutus shall lead the way, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of

Free Essays on The Guest

The Road To Existentialism Isolation is a state of separation: a physical or emotional separation from one’s surroundings. In Albert Camus’, â€Å"The Guest† the main character is isolated in his environment as well as his relations with others that come into his life. The imagery and descriptive style of the story demonstrate the underlying theme of isolation, as well as the main character, Daru’s existential traits. The vastness and simplicity of the setting creates a perfect environment for an Existentialist: one who stresses the need for complete freedom and isolation from all that surrounds him. When the story begins, the readers are pulled into the â€Å"vast expanse of the high, deserted plateau† (1246). The region is described as â€Å"cruel to live in, even without men† (1298). The landscape consists of snow covered rocks and a dark, dull sky. Although Daru is a teacher, he is alone in his schoolhouse due to heavy snow. He takes comfort in his â€Å"white washed walls, his narrow couch, his unpainted shelves† (1248) which showcase the blandness, the coldness of his nature. Daru’s solitude is interrupted by a prisoner whom he must deliver to jail the following day. He does not seem threatened by having a murderer sleep near him, but more so by the fact that there is another being in Daru’s presence. He is hospitable and kind, yet keeps his distance from the prisoner and barely communicates with him. At night, Daru lies awake, in the silence that â€Å"seemed painful to him† (1252). On the day of their departure, Daru decides to let the prisoner take his trip alone. Although it appears that Daru has the prisoner in mind, he just yearns to go back to his solitude and not be forced with a moral decision and have the responsibility of delivering the prisoner. As Daru heads back to his solemn schoolhouse he â€Å"fe... Free Essays on The Guest Free Essays on The Guest The Road To Existentialism Isolation is a state of separation: a physical or emotional separation from one’s surroundings. In Albert Camus’, â€Å"The Guest† the main character is isolated in his environment as well as his relations with others that come into his life. The imagery and descriptive style of the story demonstrate the underlying theme of isolation, as well as the main character, Daru’s existential traits. The vastness and simplicity of the setting creates a perfect environment for an Existentialist: one who stresses the need for complete freedom and isolation from all that surrounds him. When the story begins, the readers are pulled into the â€Å"vast expanse of the high, deserted plateau† (1246). The region is described as â€Å"cruel to live in, even without men† (1298). The landscape consists of snow covered rocks and a dark, dull sky. Although Daru is a teacher, he is alone in his schoolhouse due to heavy snow. He takes comfort in his â€Å"white washed walls, his narrow couch, his unpainted shelves† (1248) which showcase the blandness, the coldness of his nature. Daru’s solitude is interrupted by a prisoner whom he must deliver to jail the following day. He does not seem threatened by having a murderer sleep near him, but more so by the fact that there is another being in Daru’s presence. He is hospitable and kind, yet keeps his distance from the prisoner and barely communicates with him. At night, Daru lies awake, in the silence that â€Å"seemed painful to him† (1252). On the day of their departure, Daru decides to let the prisoner take his trip alone. Although it appears that Daru has the prisoner in mind, he just yearns to go back to his solitude and not be forced with a moral decision and have the responsibility of delivering the prisoner. As Daru heads back to his solemn schoolhouse he â€Å"fe...

What is commonly understood by the term organisational citizenship Essay

What is commonly understood by the term organisational citizenship What does research suggest may be some of the reasons why some employees do not engage in organisational citizenship - Essay Example This essay is an attempt to analyse the term and its connotation along with the reasons why some employees deliberately do not exhibit this behaviour. Organisation Citizenship is a form of behaviour exhibited by employees who work in an organisation and identify themselves with that particular organisation. The feeling of organisational citizenship develops among the employees with time as the work in the organisation and it contributes to the effective performance of the employees. In other words the employees develop a sense of belongingness or citizenship with the organisation they work for and would lead to various voluntary activities for the benefit of the organisation which otherwise would not have been undertaken by them. The sense of belonging in turn would also lead to higher expectations of the employees in the sense that they would like to know that the organisation has succeeded because of their hard work and dedication towards the company. Thus in short the voluntary support of the employees and the positive behaviour of employees towards the organisation and its success can be referred to as organisation citizenship behaviour (Lee and Allen, 2002, p. 132). In other words, when the employees deliver beyond the job role that they have been assigned by the organisation and which would contribute to the facilitation of the performance of the organisation, such behaviour is found to be existing (Lambert, 2006, pp. 503-525). Most of the researchers are of the opinion that the deviation of the employees from standard organisation citizenship behaviour cannot be attributed to their personality traits solely. Apart from the personality trait the organisation culture and the environment in which the person is working have an effect on the citizenship behaviour of employees. A number of cases of gender discrimination have been noticed in case of the OCB. Extensive research on